Saturday, December 28, 2019

Laws of Thermochemistry and Enthalpy Equations

Thermochemical equations are just like other balanced equations except they also specify the heat flow for the reaction. The heat flow is listed to the right of the equation using the symbol ΔH. The most common units are kilojoules, kJ. Here are two thermochemical equations: H2 (g)  ½ O2 (g) → H2O (l); ΔH -285.8 kJ HgO (s) → Hg (l)  ½ O2 (g); ΔH 90.7 kJ Writing Thermochemical Equations When you write thermochemical equations, be sure to keep the following points in mind: Coefficients refer to the number of moles. Thus, for the first equation, -282.8 kJ is the ΔH when 1 mol of H2O (l) is formed from 1 mol H2 (g) and  ½ mol O2.Enthalpy changes for a phase change, so the enthalpy of a substance depends on whether is it is a solid, liquid, or gas. Be sure to specify the phase of the reactants and products using (s), (l), or (g) and be sure to look up the correct ΔH from the  heat of formation tables. The symbol (aq) is used for species in a water (aqueous) solution.​The enthalpy of a substance depends upon temperature. Ideally, you should specify the temperature at which a reaction is carried out. When you look at a table of heats of formation, notice that the temperature of the ΔH is given. For homework problems, and unless otherwise specified, the  temperature is assumed to be 25 °C. In the real world, ​the  temperature may be different and thermochemical calculations can be more difficult. Properties of Thermochemical Equations Certain laws or rules apply when using thermochemical equations: ΔH is directly proportional to the quantity of a substance that reacts or is produced by a reaction. Enthalpy is directly proportional to mass. Therefore, if you double the coefficients in an equation, then the value of ΔH is multiplied by two. For example:H2 (g)  ½ O2 (g) → H2O (l); ΔH -285.8 kJ2 H2 (g) O2 (g) → 2 H2O (l); ΔH -571.6 kJΔH for a reaction is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to ΔH for the reverse reaction. For example:HgO (s) → Hg (l)  ½ O2 (g); ΔH 90.7 kJHg (l)  ½ O2 (l) → HgO (s); ΔH -90.7 kJThis law is commonly applied to phase changes, although it is true when you reverse any thermochemical reaction.ΔH is independent of the number of steps involved. This rule is called Hesss Law. It states that ΔH for a reaction is the same whether it occurs in one step or in a series of steps. Another way to look at it is to remember that ΔH is a state property, so it must be independent of the path of a reaction.If Reaction (1) Reaction (2) Reaction (3), then ΔH3 ΔH1 ΔH2

Friday, December 20, 2019

Symbolism in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson Essay example

When most people play the lottery today, they think about having wealth. Generally, people who win are happy about it whether they win one dollar or a million. The lottery in our society has grown to support education and it is often worth several million dollars. Usually, the winner of the lottery gains a lot of recognition for the money they win. But what would happen if there was a small town where people held a yearly lottery in which the â€Å"winner† was the member of the town who was not sacrificed? This question is answered in Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery.† In reading this story, and reading literary criticism about the story, there were many symbols and much symbolism in this story. 1 Biographical Analysis Shirley†¦show more content†¦Americans were moving back to a time where they wanted life to be simple and orderly. There was also a need to go back to traditional values and a need for conformity (Miss Cellania). While people enjoyed seeing the Cleveland Indians win the World Series, The Philadelphia Eagles win the NFL and while they were being entertained by beautiful women like Lauren Bacall, Ava Gardner and Rita Hayworth (PCM Entertainment and Trivia Network) Jackson was entertaining a different audience through her short story. It was interesting that many people were upset with Jackson about this story. One reason was because her publisher spread a rumor that Jackson was a practicing witch (Miss Cellania). Although Jackson dabbled in mysticism and read tarot cards, the idea that she was a witch was a joke. â€Å"The Lottery† was frightening during that time and it still is today. Jackson wanted to show what happened when people blindly followed a tradition just b ecause it was a tradition. â€Å"The Lottery revealed an uncomfortable truth about the human psyche and, in doing so, became a classic piece of American Literature† (Miss Celinnia). 3 Symbols and Symbolism in â€Å"The Lottery† There were many symbols in this short story. Many researchers state that several symbols refer to Christianity. As an example, the last name of one of the women, Mrs. Delacroix, was a French name meaning â€Å"of theShow MoreRelatedSymbolism In The Lottery, By Shirley Jackson869 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism is used throughout The Lottery in the character names. Author, Shirley Jackson, uses the name of, Mr. Graves, to foreshadow the story and explain what â€Å"The Lottery† really is. Mr. Graves is the one who carries the three-legged stool which could indicate two things: the Trinity, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, or it could mean the past, present and future, saying that â€Å"The Lottery† will always be among the people of the village. In addition, he is also the owner of the post office andRead MoreSymbolism Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson926 Words   |  4 PagesWhen incorporated well, symbolism enhanc es a story’s overall impact. Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery† contains symbolism to affect the readers’ feelings as well as add interest. The story begins with the villagers gathering at the square to participate in the lottery. The villagers chat while waiting for the event to begin. After Mr. Summers comes with a black box, he stirs the pieces of paper in the box. The narrators describe the lottery as an old ritual that the community continuesRead MoreSymbolism Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson1577 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson s The Lottery , is a story that is filled with symbolism. The author uses symbolism to help her represent human nature as tainted, no matter how pure one thinks of himself or herself, or how pure their environment may seem to be. The story is very effective in raising many questions about the pointless nature of humanity regarding tradition and violence. The Lottery clearly expresses Jackson s feelings concerning mankind?s evil nature hiding behind traditions and ritualsRead MoreSymbolism In The Lottery By Shirley Jackson879 Words   |  4 PagesShirley Jackson, the author of the short story â€Å"The Lottery† is an unusual story of a town caught in a trap of following tradition. Shirley Jackson uses many symbols in the story to relate to the theme. By doing this it helps the reader understand the story and the message she is trying to get across. Jackson uses tone, setting, and symbolism to conduct a theme for her readers. By doing this she creates connections to the theme by using the black box and old man Warner as a symbol. Old man WarnerRead MoreUse of Symbolism in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson1146 Words   |  5 Pageswhat is known as Symbolism. Symbolism is the use of object, name, or person to represent an idea. If a name is being use, a name such as autumn can represent the adulthood of a human. Creatures such as an Eagle, represents ‘Freedom’ and ‘America’. Even inanimate objects can represent ideas; the light bulb represents ideas that just sparked into a character’s head. In the short story, â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, a village has just entered the month of June, meaning that the lottery is to begin.Read MoreSymbolism in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson Essay748 Words   |  3 PagesThe Lottery: Symbolism In her story â€Å"The Lottery†, Shirley Jackson manages to catch the readers’ attention and ultimately shock them with an unexpected ending; all of which help her emphasize her critique toward the dark side of human nature and the evil that resides, sometimes, in those who we less expect it from. Jackson uses symbolism throughout the story that helps her set the mood and also makes the readers wonder and analyze the senseless violence and cruelty in their own lives. It all startsRead MoreUse of Symbolism in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson954 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism means like any place, person or thing that is something but can be interpreted in a different way. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a short story that shows symbolism, to give hints about the story in all the characters and objects in the story. This Short story takes place in the summer where a small town has a lottery every year round. The person that wins the lottery has a huge impact on the town and the crops that grow in it. Old man Warner is the oldest in the town andRead More, Symbolism, And Themes In The Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1252 Words   |  6 PagesShirley Jackson’s The Lottery, is a realism story that was written for the main purpose of entertainment. Jackson writes about a small village that gathers every year for an event they call â€Å"The Lottery†. Every head of households comes up and draws a slip of paper from the box. Bill Hutchinson draws the first slip of paper with the black dot but Tessie Hutchinson quickly exclaims the lottery is not fair. Mr. Summers then puts five slips of paper back into the box, one for each of the family membersRead MoreTheme Of Symbolism In The Lottery By Shirley Jackson960 Words   |  4 Pagesagainst it shall be purged with death. The beauty of this world is just a mere mask to hide its monstrosity.Tear off its mask and you shall be bestowed upon the gift of the cruelty of this world. Shirley Jackson’s short story the â€Å"Lottery† illustrates the characte r Tessie Hutchinson as a figure of symbolism as it leads to the theme that the norms of society isolates those who are a victim of labels and expectations because they decorate the origins of sins therefore premonition of the ruin to someRead More The Use of Symbolism in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesThe Use of Symbolism in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Within the first few lines of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery we are faced with such adjectives as clear, sunny, fresh and warmth. She goes on to paint a picture of small children just out of school for the summer, as the townspeople gather for the annual Lottery. This leads us to believe that the rest of the story is as cheery as the summer day initially described. We as the readers are virtually unaware of the horrible senseless events

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Benefits Of Recycling Essay Example For Students

Benefits Of Recycling Essay Lately the earths capacity to tolerate exploitation and absorb solid wastes disposal has diminished, due to excess trashing. People dispose lots of stuff, and simply do not care. Therefore scientists found out a way to reuse things and that process was called recycling. This new approach seemed quite successful at the beginning, until its true identity appeared. Recycling first started as mans best friend, people were intrigued by this new phenomena. What could be better than using things that were already used. Recycling has been very useful especially that man is constantly consuming, burning up, wearing out, replacing and disposing at an alarming rate.(Durning 1992). However, unfortunately recycling has proven that it is quite costly. Although recycling of wastes material solves the problem of garbage disposal at landfills, and saves resources, it does nevertheless entail large hidden costs in collecting, sorting and manufacturing; therefore, it is necessary for the go!vernment to overcome such problems of recycling to be worth while and for manufacturers and consumers to consume less. Recycling has proven its efficiency in solving the problem of garbage disposal at landfills1. By the accumulation of garbage throughout the years, space available for garbage has largely diminished. In the states for example almost 67% of their waste stream ends up in landfills.(Scott 25). This has in fact increased the price of disposal. As Kimball stated tipping fees at landfills, is so often prohibitive(3), and some cannot find landfills to dump their garbage. It can cost up to $158 to pick a ton of garbage and dispose it.(Consumer Reports 1994). Beside, these landfills pollute their surroundings area with lots of hazardous materials and contaminate underground water. To discover the contamination of the underground water it would be 12 yeas after the poisons-benzene; formaldehyde; mercury; and BCEE- have actually contaminated the land, and had sunk 24 feet into the ground contaminating about 50 million gallons of underground water.(Dahir 94). Besides these lands could b!e used in more useful ways such as building schools, hospitals, or simply turning them into large green areas to purify the air. This problem is practically acute in Egypt, since we do find even in central areas of the city, piles of garbage disposal very near to residential areas. Recycling would therefore eliminate this problem and protect the environment. If we consider burning as an alternative, well it is not very advantageous, so often burning is done in incinerators. According to Plenum, incineration is the process of disposing of the Combustible portion of the community wastes(81). This burning pollutes the air in the area around it. It is not the way to solve the problem of recycling because it solving one problem by creating another which is air pollution. In this process a number of pollutants are emitted which poisons the air. Carbon dioxide and lead are by products of burning that most health organisations consider highly toxicating. These by products affect children mentally and physically. In addition, carbon dioxide is considered one of the main reasons of global warming because the molecule itself captures heat an stores it in it thus creating the green house effect. Besides plastics are rather toxicating when burnt according to Plenum, Acrylic type plastics emit HCN gas, Bromine components that are added to pl!astics re sults in the emission of HBr , which are all dangerous pollutants (157). Obviously burning cannot be considered an alternative and as stated in Consumer Reports, Recycling does help to keep garbage out of landfills and incinerators, both of which pose environmental problems.(Feb 1994). Although burning lessens the physical amount of the waste materials, it is considered one of the easiest way to pollute the air. Though these are great advantages to us and the environment, but recycling costs more than you could imagine. A study found that when the cost of garbage is calculated by volume, landfilling and recycling costs are roughly the same. Recycling does not appear to save any money, this applies to most of the European countries and the United States and studies have lately proven so. Recycling is a good thing, but it costs money.(Boerner and Chilton 7). This view has been confirmed by John E. Jacobson, who is the president of AUS, a consulting firm in Philadelphia who stated that it is often more expensive to recycle than to manufacture from raw material. The process goes through lots of phases. First collecting and sorting garbage and second is manufacturing and marketing. Collection is a phase by itself. In developed countries such as the States, Europe, and the Far East, the people have a great deal of awareness of the situation. People know that recycling is important and wo!uld save us lots and lots of things. So the country itself provided facilities to help the people recycle such as machines that recycle cans on the spot and gives 2.5 cents/can and recycables-collecting programs and others. These collecting programs are costly, besides they do not work in apartment buildings. Beside, vehicles that transport these materials are not so cheap, besides most of these trucks capacities are wasted by bulky objects. Especially when trash contains a lot of plastic containers. More tractors more rounds are required to collect recycables. This adds to the cost. We took plastics out of recycling programs because we could not afford to drive around with trucks with 45% of their collection capacity taken up by air.(Consumer Reports 1994).As for the sorting process it entails lots of man power and tools, both of which are very expensive. The material cannot simply be all fed into one big machine and then boom we have recycled material. No, every kind of material must be pu t alone then fed into big recycling machines. This process of separation or sorting costs money. Manufacturers have to hire labourers to sort out glass from aluminium from cardboard from tin and so on. According to Consumer Reports, the sorting equipment and the man power involved in the process is a big investment (1994). It is important to know that this process of collecting and sorting is particularly expensive in developed countries where sophisticated tools are used where man power is rather limited and expensive. However, in developing countries like Egypt, the process of collecting and sorting are rather primitive and is carried out by the Zabaleen or a second-hand car. This makes it less expensive than developed countries. A Lesson Before Dying EssayThis rapid leap in our lives have led us to create recycling and hopefully it will lead us to look for a way to better plan it. Better planing for recycling will help prevent the problems faced now by recycling. If it could be made that it satisfies the needed conditions previously mentioned, to be cost-efficient, not time consuming, and a better quality of products, this would be like a dream come true. Recycling should be cost-efficient because what all nations are facing are massive economical problems. Financing these programs is one hell of a job and if it has to be done anyway, then we should at least look for ways to make it cost efficient. People should learn to use and reuse, rather than use and dispose. If we can use things more than once and could save energy then why not do so. Reuse means getting more use out of a product to reduce the waste stream. Many so-called disposable items, such as plastic cups, knives, and forks, can actually be wash ed and used several!times. (Scott 25). As we can see the benefits are over-estimated, and the costs are under-estimated. What we should do is not only look for an alternative but also look for other ways to improve recycling. The natural resources will not last for ever, eventually everything comes to an end and the end is very near to our natural resources. What is of greater importance is to find alternatives to such resources if they actually become extinct. Recycling is backed by most of the general public, for its ideas of saving the environment, energy, and virgin material. But it is not that good or that efficient it still costs money and is not that safe. Recycling does not necessarily provide for safer or more environmentally sound disposal than landfilling or incinerators. The recycling process itself generates enormous amounts of hazardous wastes.(Schaumburg 32). In addition it will decrease and maybe solve the problem of the ever increasing pollution. Imagine that every time som!eone throws a piece of paper in the garbage is similar to a person cutting a leaf off a tree. This is what happens when one does so, so recycling was the way to solve such a problemBibliography:

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Regulation And Reform Of Euthanasia Essay Example For Students

Regulation And Reform Of Euthanasia Essay Regulation and Reform of Euthanasia Throughout the twentieth century, major scientific and medical advances have greatly enhanced the life expectancy of the average person. However, there are many instances where doctors can preserve life artificially. In these cases, where the patient suffers from a terminal disease or remains in a persistent vegetative state (PVS), the question becomes whether to prolong their life even though it may consist of pain and suffering. One of the landmark cases that involve euthanasia is that of Karen Ann Quinlan. Quinlan, a twenty-one year old New Jersey resident, overdosed on pills and alcohol in 1975. She was rushed to the hospital where her physical condition gradually deteriorated to a vegetative state. The doctors determined she had no chance of recovery. Karens parents requested she be removed from the respirator. The hospital denied their request. The Quinlans then directed their request to the court. The superior court denied their request. They took their request to the new Jersey Supreme court where the decision was reversed. Karen was removed from the respirator. To everyones surprise, Karen began breathing on her own and was transferred to a nursing home, where she remained in a coma, fed through tubes, until she died in July 1985, ten years later (Humphry and Wickett, 108).The Quinlan case brought to the forefront patients desire to die a proud, quiet death and the complications caused by the advancement of medical technology to prolong life. Individuals should have the right to die with dignity in the event of a terminal illness if he or she wants to. Those who oppose legalizing euthanasia and assisted suicide say that this could lead to voluntary killing of the aged and infirm. I agree that there may be danger of abuse of euthanasia; therefore, I support passing legislation that monitors and regulates physician assisted suicide. In order to clarify my position, I will first distinguish between passive and active euthanasia and their implications. In addition, I will examine the legal issues behind the Quinlan case and other similar cases. Finally, I will propose the argument that with proper legislation, physician assisted suicide is often a more favorable alternative to allowing patients to suffer needlessly. O. Ruth Russell defines active or positive euthanasia as a positive merciful act taken deliberately to end futile suffering or a meaningless existence where death is induced either by direct action to terminate life or by indirect action such as in giving drugs in amounts that will clearly hasten death (19). Active euthanasia is illegal in most states. Passive or negative euthanasia means discontinuing or desisting from the use of extraordinary life-sustaining measures or heroic efforts to prolong life in hopeless cases when such prolongation seems an unwarranted extension of either suffering or unconsciousness (Russell, 20). There are several different views associated with active and passive euthanasia. While some doctors and patients may accept passive euthanasia, many reject active euthanasia. Robert G. Twycross strongly disagrees with the practice of euthanasia, especially active euthanasia in Where There Is Hope, There Is Life: A View From the Hospice. Twycross uses cancer patients as an example and asserts that often patients opt for euthanasia because initially they do not feel the relieves of medication being and their pain is used as a channel of mental anguish (162). Therefore, unable to stand the intolerable pain, patients feel that euthanasia is the best way out. However, Twycross argues that compared with patients and physically fit people, doctors have been noted to express a greater fear of death, more rejection of personnel death and significantly more negative death imagery (159). Twycross argument adds a whole new dimension to the euthanasia argument. If in fact doctors are reluctant to accept euthanasia in their practice, they may discourage their patients from opting for it. .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d , .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d .postImageUrl , .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d , .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d:hover , .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d:visited , .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d:active { border:0!important; } .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d:active , .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7029a2f7932811968ffc2491acfc0b9d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Americas Growing Pains Essay Several complications arise at this point. Even if euthanasia is legalized, will doctors accept the new treatment and will patients be able to go to any doctor before worrying about whether or not the doctor will accept euthanasia when the time comes? The doctor-patient relationship and the ethical connotations of euthanasia are really important to my argument too. Dr. Malcolm C. Todd, president-elect of the American Medical Association, told the press that mercy killings have their place in certain uncorrectable fatal illnesses, but that decisions in such cases should not be left to the attending physician alone, (Russell, 46). English Essays

Thursday, November 28, 2019

US History free essay sample

Emancipation increased the power of black men within the family. Black women withdrew from work as field laborers and house servants to the domestic sphere. Church and School Blacks abandoned white-controlled religious institutions to create churches of their own. Blacks of all ages flocked to the schools established by northern missionary societies, the Freedmans Bureau, and groups of ex-slaves. Political Freedom The right to vote inevitably became central to the former slaves desire for empowerment and equality. To demonstrate their patriotism, blacks throughout the South organized Fourth of July celebrations.Land, Labor, and Freedom Former slaves ideas of freedom were directly related to land ownership. Many former slaves insisted that through their unpaid labor, they had acquired a right to the land. Masters without Slaves The Souths defeat was complete and demoralizing. Planter families faced profound changes. Most planters defined black freedom in the narrowest manner. The Free Labor Vision The victorious Republican North tried to implement its own vision of freedom. We will write a custom essay sample on US History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Free labor The Freedmans Bureau was to establish a working free labor system. The Freedmans BureauThe task of the Bureau-?establishing schools, providing aid to the poor and aged, settling disputes, etc. -?was daunting, especially since it had fewer than 1,000 agents. The Bureaus achievements in some areas, notably education and health care, were striking. The Failure of Land Reform president Andrew Johnson ordered nearly all land in federal hands returned to its former owners. Because no land distribution took place, the vast majority of rural freed people remained poor and without property during Reconstruction. Sharecropping came to dominate the cotton South and much of the tobacco belt.Sharecropping initially arose as a compromise between blacks desire for land and planters desire for labor discipline. The White Farmer The aftermath of the war hurt small white farmers. Crop-lien system (use of crop as collateral for loans from merchants for supplies) White farmers increased cotton cultivation, cotton prices plummeted, and they found themselves unable to pay back loans. Both black and white farmers found themselves caught in the sharecropping and crop- lien systems. Southern cities experienced remarkable growth after the Civil War. Rise of a new middle class Aftermaths of SlaveryThe Reconstruction-era debates over transitioning from slavery to freedom had parallels in other Western Hemisphere countries where emancipation occurred in the nineteenth century. Only in the united States did former slaves gain political rights quickly. The Making of Radical Reconstruction Andrew Johnson Johnson identified himself as the champion of the honest yeomen and a foe of large planters. Johnson lacked Lincoln political skills and keen sense of public opinion. Johnson believed that African-Americans had no role to play in Reconstruction. The Failure of Presidential ReconstructionJohnnys plan for Reconstruction offered pardons to the white southern elite. Johnnys plan allowed the new state governments a free hand in managing local affairs. The Black Codes Southern governments began passing new laws that restricted the freedom of blacks. These new laws violated free labor principles and called forth a vigorous response from the Republican North. The Radical Republicans Radical Republicans called for the dissolution Of Johnnys State governments, the establishment of new governments that did not have rebels in power, and the guarantee of the right to vote for black men.The Radicals fully embraced the expanded powers of the federal government born of the Civil War. Charles Summer Thatched Stevens Thatched Stevens most cherished aim was to confiscate the land of disloyal planters and divide it among former slaves and northern migrants to the South. His plan was too radical for most others in Congress. The Origins of Civil Rights Most Republicans were moderates, not radicals. Senator Lyman Truthful of Illinois proposed two bills to modify Johnnys policy: Extend the life of the Freedmans Bureau Civil Rights Bill (equality before the law was central; it SOL_Aught to overturn theBlack Codes) Johnson vetoed both bills. Congress passed the Civil Rights Bill over his veto and later extended the life of the F-redeemers Bureau. The Fourteenth Amendment It placed in the Constitution the principle of citizenship for all persons born in the United States and empowered the federal government to protect the rights of all Americans. It did not grant blacks the right to vote. The Reconstruction Act Johnson campaigned against the Fourteenth Amendment in the 1866 midterm elections. In March 1867, over Johnnys veto, Congress adopted the Reconstruction Act, which: Divided the South into five military districtsCalled for creation of new southern state governments, with black men given the vote The Reconstruction Act thus began Radical Reconstruction, which lasted until 1877 . Impeachment and the Election of Grant To demonstrate his dislike for the Ten ere of Office Act, Johnson removed the secretary of war from office in 1868. Johnson was impeached and the Senate fell one vote short from removing him from office. The Fifteenth Amendment Ulysses S. Grant won the 1 868 presidential election. The Fifteenth Amendment was ratified in 1870. It prohibited federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right o vote because of race.Did not extend suffrage to women The Great Constitutional Revolution The laws and amendments of Reconstruction reflected the intersection of two products of the Civil War era-?a newly empowered national state and the idea of a national citizenry enjoying equality before the law. Before the Civil War, American citizenship had been closely linked to race. The new amendments also transformed the relationship between the federal government and the states. The Rights of Women The destruction of slavery led feminists to search for ways to make the promise of free labor real for women.Some feminists (Elizabeth Caddy Stanton, Susan B. Anthony) opposed the Fifteenth Amendment because it did not enfranchise women. The divisions among feminists led to the creation of two hostile womens rights organizations that would not reunite until the sass. Despite their limitations, the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and the Reconstruction Act of 1867 marked a radical departure in American and world history. Radical Reconstruction in the South The Tocsin of Freedom Among the former slaves, the passage of the Reconstruction Act inspired an outburst of political organization. Blacks used direct action to remedy long- tanning grievances. The union League aided blacks in the public sphere. By 1870, the Union had been restored and southern states had Republican majorities. The Black Officeholder Two thousand African-Americans occupied public offices during Reconstruction. Fourteen elected to U. S. House Of Representatives Two elected to U. S. Senate Carpetbaggers and Scalawags Carpetbaggers were northern-born white Republicans who made their homes in the South after the war, with many holding political office. Scalawags were southern-born white Republicans.Some were wealthy (e. G. , James Acorn, a Mississippi planter) Most had been p-country non-slaveholders before the Civil War and some had been Unionists during the war. Southern Republicans in Power Southern Republican governments established the Souths first state- supported public schools. The new governments also pioneered civil rights legislation. Republican governments took steps to strengthen the position of rural laborers and to promote the Souths economic recovery. The Quest for Prosperity During Reconstruction, every state helped to finance railroad construction.Investment opportunities in the West lured more northern investors than southern investors, and economic development remained weak in the South. The Overthrow of Reconstruction Reconstructions Opponents Corruption did exist during Reconstruction, but it was not confined to a race, region, or party. Opponents could not accept the idea of former slaves voting, holding office, and enjoying equality before the law. A Reign of Terror Secret societies sprang up in the South with the aim of preventing blacks from voting and destroying the organization of the Republican Party. The UK Klux Klan was organized in 1866. It launched what one victim called a reign of terror against Republican leaders, black and white. Example: Collar, Louisiana, massacre (1873) Congress and President Grant, with the passage of three Enforcement Acts in 1870 and 1871 , put an end to the KILL Klux Klan by 1872. The Liberal Republicans The Norths commitment to Reconstruction waned during the 1 sass. Some Republicans, alienated from Grant by corruption in his administration, formed the Liberal Republican Party.Horace Greenly The Norths Retreat The Liberal attack on Reconstruction contributed to a resurgence of racism in the North. The 1873 depression also distracted the North from Reconstruction. The Supreme Court whittled away at Congresss guarantees of black rights. Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) United States v. Cruickshank (1876) The Triumph of the Redeemers Redeemers claimed to have redeemed the white South from corruption, misgovernment, and northern and black control. The Disputed Election and Bargain of 1877 The election between Rutherford B.Hayes (Republican) and Samuel Titled (Democrat) was very close, with disputed electoral votes from Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina. Congress set up a special Electoral Commission to determine the winner of the disputed votes. Behind the scenes, Hayes made a bargain to allow southern white Democrats to control the South if his election was accepted. The compromise led to Hayss election and the Democrats having a free hand in the South. The End of Reconstruction Reconstruction ended in 1877. It would be nearly a century before the nation again tried to bring equal rights to the descendants of slaves. Introduction: The Statue of Liberty] The Second Industrial Revolution The Industrial Economy By 1 913, the United States produced one-third of the worlds industrial output. The 1880 census showed for the first time that a majority of the workforce engaged in infirming jobs. The growth of cities was vital for financing industrialization. Great Lakes region Pittsburgh Chicago Railroads and the National Market The railroad made possible what is sometimes called the second industrial revolution. The growing population formed an ever-expanding market for the mass production, mass distribution, and mass marketing of goods.The Spirit of Innovation Scientific breakthroughs and technological innovation spurred growth. Thomas Edison Competition and Consolidation The economy suffered prolonged downturns between 1873 and 1897. Businesses engaged in ruthless competition. To avoid cutthroat competition, more and more corporations battled to control entire industries. Between 1 897 and 1 904, 4,000 firms vanished into larger corporations. The Rise of Andrew Carnegie The railroad pioneered modern techniques of business organization. By the sass, Carnegie dominated the steel industry.Vertical integration Carnages life reflected his desire to succeed and his desire to give back to society. The Triumph of John D. Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller dominated the oil industry. Industrial leaders were considered either captains of industry or robber barons. Workers Freedom in an Industrial Age For a minority of workers, the rapidly expanding industrial system created new forms Of freedom. For most workers, economic insecurity remained a basic fact of life. Between 1 880 and 1 900, an average of 35,000 workers perished each year in factory and mine accidents, the highest rate in the industrial world.Class divisions became more and more visible. Many of the wealthiest Americans consciously pursued an aristocratic lifestyle. Thorniest Bubble on conspicuous consumption The working class lived in desperate conditions. The Transformation of the West A Diverse Region The political and economic incorporation of the American West was part of a global process. The federal government acquired Indian land by war and readies, administered land sales, and distributed land to farmers, railroads, and mining companies. Farming in the Trans-Mississippi West More land came into cultivation during the thirty years after the Civil War than during the previous two-and-a-half centuries of American history. Farming was difficult and much of the burden fell to women. As crop production increased, prices fell and small farmers throughout the world suffered severe difficulties during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The future of western farming ultimately lay with giant agricultural enterprises, as seen in California. The Cowboy and the Corporate West Cowboys became symbols of a life of freedom on the open range.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

A Short History of the Great Depression

A Short History of the Great Depression The Great Depression, which lasted from 1929 to 1941,  was a severe economic downturn caused by  an overly-confident,  over-extended stock market and a drought that struck the South.   In an attempt to end the Great Depression, the U.S. government took  unprecedented direct action to help  stimulate the economy. Despite this help, it was  the increased production needed for ​World War II that finally ended the Great Depression. The Stock Market Crash After nearly a decade of optimism and prosperity, the United States was thrown into despair on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, the day the stock market crashed and the official beginning of the Great Depression. As stock prices plummeted with no hope of recovery, panic struck. Masses and masses of people tried to sell their stock, but no one was buying. The stock market, which had appeared to be the surest way to become rich, quickly became the path to bankruptcy. And yet, the Stock Market Crash was just the beginning. Since many banks had also invested large portions of their clients savings in the stock market, these banks were forced to close when the stock market crashed. Seeing a few banks close caused another panic across the country. Afraid they would lose their own savings, people rushed to banks that were still open to withdraw their money. This massive withdrawal of cash caused additional banks to close. Since there was no way for a banks clients to recover any of their savings once the bank had closed, those who didnt reach the bank in time also became bankrupt. 1:44 Watch Now: What Led to the Great Depression? Unemployment Businesses and industry were also affected. Despite President Herbert Hoover asking businesses to maintain their wage rates, many businesses, having lost much of their own capital in either the Stock Market Crash or the bank closures, started cutting back their workers hours or wages.  In turn, consumers began to curb their spending, refraining from purchasing such things as luxury goods. This lack of consumer spending caused additional businesses to cut back wages or, more drastically, to lay off some of their workers. Some businesses couldnt stay open even with these cuts and soon closed their doors, leaving all their workers unemployed. Unemployment was a huge problem during the Great Depression. From 1929 to 1933, the unemployment rate in the United States rose from  3.2% to the incredibly high 24.9%- meaning that one out of every four people were out of work.   PhotoQuest / Getty Images The Dust Bowl In previous depressions, farmers were usually safe from the severe effects of the depression because they could at least feed themselves. Unfortunately, during the Great Depression, the Great Plains were hit hard with both a drought and horrendous dust storms, creating what became known as the Dust Bowl. Years and years of overgrazing combined with the effects of a drought caused the grass to disappear. With just topsoil exposed, high winds picked up the loose dirt and whirled it for miles. The dust storms destroyed everything in their paths, leaving farmers without their crops. Small farmers were hit especially hard. Even before the dust storms hit, the invention of the tractor drastically cut the need for manpower on farms. These small farmers were usually already in debt, borrowing money for seed and paying it back when their crops came in. When the dust storms damaged the crops, not only could the small farmer not feed himself and his family, he could not pay back his debt. Banks would then foreclose on the small farms and the farmers family would be both homeless and unemployed. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images Riding the Rails During the Great Depression, millions of people were out of work across the United States. Unable to find another job locally, many unemployed people hit the road, traveling from place to place, hoping to find some work. A few of these people had cars, but most hitchhiked or rode the rails. A large portion of the people who rode the rails were teenagers, but there were also older men, women, and entire families who traveled in this manner. They would board freight trains and crisscross the country, hoping to find a job in one of the towns along the way. When there was a job opening, there were often literally a thousand people applying for the same job. Those who werent lucky enough to get the job would perhaps stay in a shantytown (known as Hoovervilles) outside of town. Housing in the shantytown was built out of any material that could be found freely, like driftwood, cardboard, or even newspapers. The farmers who had lost their homes and land usually headed west to California, where they heard rumors of agricultural jobs. Unfortunately, although there was some seasonal work, the conditions for these families were transient and hostile. Since many of these farmers came from Oklahoma and Arkansas, they were called the derogatory names of Okies and Arkies. (The stories of these migrants to California were immortalized in the fictional book, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck.) Roosevelt and the New Deal The U.S. economy broke down and entered the Great Depression during the presidency of Herbert Hoover. Although President Hoover repeatedly spoke of optimism, the people blamed him for the Great Depression. Just as the shantytowns were named Hoovervilles after him, newspapers became known as Hoover blankets, pockets of pants turned inside out (to show they were empty) were called Hoover flags, and broken-down cars pulled by horses were known as Hoover wagons. During the 1932 presidential election, Hoover did not stand a chance at reelection and Franklin D. Roosevelt won in a landslide. People of the United States had high hopes that President Roosevelt would be able to solve all their woes. As soon as Roosevelt took office, he closed all the banks and only let them reopen once they were stabilized. Next, Roosevelt began to establish programs that became known as the New Deal. These New Deal programs were most commonly known by their initials, which reminded some people of alphabet soup. Some of these programs were aimed at helping farmers, like the AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration). While other programs, such as the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) and the WPA (Works Progress Administration), attempted to help curb unemployment by hiring people for various projects. The End of the Great Depression To many at the time, President Roosevelt was a hero. They believed that he cared deeply for the common man and that he was doing his best to end the Great Depression. Looking back, however, it is uncertain as to how much Roosevelts New Deal programs helped to end the Great Depression. By all accounts, the New Deal programs eased the hardships of the Great Depression; however, the U.S. economy was still extremely bad by the end of the 1930s. The major turn-around for the U.S. economy occurred after the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the entrance of the United States into World War II. Once the U.S. was involved in the war, both people and industry became essential to the war effort. Weapons, artillery, ships, and airplanes were needed quickly. Men were trained to become soldiers and the women were kept on the home front to keep the factories going. Food needed to be grown for both the homefront and to send overseas. It was ultimately the entrance of the U.S. into World War II that ended the Great Depression in the United States.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Ford Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Ford Australia - Essay Example Next in scheme of things lies Cost and Market analysis, which probe into questions such as the resources FPV has at its disposal, and how well it's able to use them. The key metrics identified are: differentiation of markets, closeness of substitutes, barriers to entry and modes of competition. This presentation is helpful in building a macroeconomic risk assessment module looking into the impact of factors such as inflation, CPI, interest and exchange rates, examining various risk factors, thereby understanding FPV's business development plan. At a micro-level, the analysis would entail studying of internal forces such as manpower, growing opportunities, etc. The ultimate aim of our research is to develop a competitive strategy model, which is done through Porter method. FPV is a force to reckon with, in Australia's segment of high performance cars, with brands such as GT, GT-P, Pursuit, Super Pursuit, F6 Typhoon, F6 Tornado and Force (FPV website, 2006). Its major competitor is Melbourne-based HSV. The current FPV range is a mix of turbocharged inline 6-cylinder and V8-powered Falcons. Each brand has its own conceptual framework and design, and the constant focus of the brand FPV, is to maintain benchmarks set by V8 racing cars. At this point, it is important to lay emphasis on the genetic makeup i.e. the internal structure of the corporate entity called FPV. Initially owned by the UK-based Prodrive company Tickford, FPV joined hands with Ford Australia, as its tuning division to develop itself into the niche category called Motorsport. The major aim of any business organisation is to create and sustain value, through profits. FPV is no different. In very simplistic terms, Value, for any economic entity is measured by a parameter called Economic Value Added, which is defined as the value of an activity that remains after subtracting from it, the cost of opportunity of investing consumed resources, and sovereign debts that accumulate (Stewart III, 1991). In the field of corporate finance, this translates into the following equation (Stewart III, 1991): Return on capital = Net operating profit after Tax / Weighted Average Cost of Capital. As of 2004, Ford Australia recovered a Net profit after tax of $136 mn (Porter, 2004) on shareholder equity of $592 million, and the corresponding return on capital was 26.1% which is a fairly high value in medium-growth automobile industry (Porter, 2004). Thus, it is clear in no uncertain terms, that Ford Performance Vehicles is an enterprising segment in the Performance Cars category, and there is enough scope for organic, and balanced growth in future as demand for faster cars escalate, and infrastructure develops to keep pace with the surge in demand for these vehicles. In upcoming sections, we will elaborate more on the economic analysis of our case study company. Dimensions of the Market FPV has won the 2006 Australian Performance Car of the Year award. For FPV, "diversity" is an essential ingredient in its zeal to retain excellence as laid out by its fraternal organization (FPV website, 2006), for the fiercely competitive Australian business environment. Diversity encompasses its mission-critical drive to transform the